@kekasih | ||
MADH'HABS Schools of Thought Development and Evolution Main Sources for this chapter: AlSaadiq and the Four Madh'habs, Asad Haidar. Manaaqib Abu Hanifa, AlMakki. Manaaqib Malik, AlSayooti. Tabaqat AlShafi'iyya. Mus'nad Ahmad (Ahmad Ibn Hanbal). |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
WHAT IS MADH'HAB? No Schools of Thought ever existed in Islam at the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Neither his exemplary practices nor his Hadith (the Sunnah) were put in writing during his lifetime. After the death of the Prophet (pbuh) many of the prominent Sahaaba (Companions of the Prophet (pbuh) adhered to Imam Ali's explanation of the Sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh). The number of such luminous personalities increased gradually, and came to be known as the Devotees of the teachings of the Prophet (pbuh) as passed down by Ali. They were named AlKhaassah, meaning the elite, the distinctive, or the special. In Arabic they were referred to as AlShi'a. The rest of the Muslims were referred to as AlAammah, meaning the general public or the common man. |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
When Mu'awiya became the Khalifa (ruler), he promoted the term AlJama'ah (the throng of the society) to gain support for himself among the people. About 150 years later, the term Jama'ah was modified (by people conforming to Abbasi government policy) in an attempt to fight off Ahlul Bayt's enormous influence in the society. Later the term Jama'ah was modified to AlSunnah wal Jama'ah . The term of Sunnah wal Jama'ah was prevalent during the 3rd century H. when the Schools of Thought in Islam were in a flux but were more or less consolidating. Later in the 3rd century H. the term was modified again, and rather than calling it AlSunnah wal Jama'ah, it was abbreviated to Ahlul Sunnah . This became a general term for the four Sunni Schools of Thought. |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
By the year 250H the four Sunni Schools of Thought were popularized and patronized by the Abbasi government, as well as by their own enthusiasts, thus spreading in various areas of the Islamic Ummah at variable speed. The existing Schools of Thought by this stretch of time were: Ja'fari, as headed by Imam AlSaadiq. Hanafi, as headed by Abu Hanifa, AlNa'maan. Maaliki, as headed by Malik Ibn Anas. Shafi'i, as headed by Ibn Idrees AlShafi'i. Hanbali, as headed by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
Outstanding among the vanished Schools of Thought were: Madh'hab of AlThawri renowned for 2 centuries and could trace its pathway to Imam AlSaadiq's Institute. Madh'hab of Ibn U'yainah, renowned for 3 centuries, and could trace its pathway to Imam AlSaadiq's Institute. Madh'hab of Aw'zaa'i, followed for more than one century. Madh'hab of Dawood Ibn Ali AlDhaahiri, followed for several centuries. |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
WHAT IS SHI'I AND WHAT IS SUNNI? SHI'I: A Shi'i is a person who is a devotee of only the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as passed down by Ahlul Bayt. Ahlul Bayt are the direct family of Muhammad (pbuh), and a Shi'i regards their teaching of the Prophet's Sunnah as the most authentic and accurate. In brief a Shi'i sees himself as the Devotee of Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and nothing else and the Fiqh laid down by Ahlul Bayt. A Shi'i believes in Imamah, that the 12 Imams were Divinely Commissioned, and they were specified by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). He also believes in Ismah (that the Prophets and the Designated Imams are shielded by Allah from: a) Sin, b) Religious Error, and c) Forgetfulness). |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
SUNNI: A Sunni is a person who follows mostly the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as passed down by the teachings of Sahaaba and Scholars after the Prophet (pbuh). Sunnah of some Khulafaa is said to be included in their teachings. In brief a Sunni sees himself as following the Sunnah as the Sahaaba and certain scholars had specified and the Fiqh as laid by the head of the particular Madh'hab. A Sunni does not believe in Imamah.
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
BEFORE THE YEAR 150H: The Shi'a School For the first 150 years after the Prophet (pbuh) the only evolving School of Thought was the Shi'a school as passed down by Imam Ali, and the chain of narration as the Golden Chain of Narration.[1] At that period the Golden Chain of Narration consisted of Ali, AlHasan, AlHusain, Zainul Abideen, AlBaaqir, and AlSaadiq all of whom are the direct lineage of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). This chain narrated Hadith and explained Islam with each Imam referring the narration by way of his father directly up to the Prophet (pbuh). For instance, Imam AlSaadiq used to say My narration is the narration of my father, and his is that of his father and so on, all going up to Ali who narrated directly from Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)[2]. Those who followed this information (called Shi'a) would acknowledge narrations by other sources, as long as those narrations were confirmed by Ahlul Bayt [be they Hadith or examples of the Prophet (pbuh)]. Because of political predicaments with the rulers, and because Ahlul Bayt took the government of the time as invalid (unlawful) from Islamic point of view, there developed a boiling turmoil caused by the direct collision first with the government of Benu Umayya then with that of Benu Abbas. The governments were very eager to seek and enroll the support of Ahlul Bayt, but Ahlul Bayt adamantly refused supporting them, since genuine Islamic teachings and their consciousness of Allah, (Taq'wa) prevented Ahlul Bayt from playing politics with Islam. Because of their refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Khalifa or his government, Ahlul Bayt and their devotees were exposed to tremendous harassment if not nearpersecution at the hands of some Khalifas and their administration. When the government of Benu Umayya became weak, AlSaadiq saw a golden opportunity, and he was the first to be able to freely pass down the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as his family had taught him. Thus the basis of the Ja'fari (Shi'i) School of Thought crystallized. |
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@kekasih | 7 November 10 | |
IMAM ALSAADIQ: Head of Ja'fari Madh'hab: 83H148H Imam Ja'far AlSaadiq, the sixth descendant in the lineage of the Prophet (pbuh), was a charismatic leader of the highest integrity, whose piousness was acknowledged by both friends and enemies. The knowledgeseekers rushed in large numbers to Medina to learn at his hands. They left family, homes, businesses, went through the hazards of travel, to live in Medina for variable periods of time as needed, just for the sake of learning firsthand in the Islamic Institute of Ahlul Bayt headed by AlSaadiq. Some stayed for two years such as Abu Hanifa, others stayed much longer, while others moved to Medina permanently. Intellectuals of various levels flocked to him, more so during Ramadhan or Haj times. He was the repository of Islamic knowledge (I'lm) the one sought after by people for Hadith narration, by the Fiqh specialists, the forerunners of intellectuals, as well as by the ordinary seekers of knowledge. People were spellbound by the depth of Imam AlSaadiq's thinking, and mesmerized by the way he an*lyzed Fiqh inquiries. He uttered numerous Hadiths, in the thousands, quoting the Prophet (pbuh) very often and in every facet of life. He talked much about Islamic ethics and mannerism, integrity, goodness of character, and acts of worship, among other things. He contested and argued with Ghulaat, Khariji, Murji'ah, Mu'tazila, Jabriah, Qadariyah, and the Zandeeqs (see glossary of this chapter). |
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